The Key Features of Switzerland's Governance Model: Direct Democracy, Federalism, and Social Cohesion
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The historical foundations of the Swiss Confederation serve as our entry point into the Swiss governance model. The Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden cantons formed the confederation in 1291 as a defensive alliance. During this turbulent period, these regions came together to form what would eventually become modern-day Switzerland out of the need for a cooperative defensive strategy.
This original trio of cantons gradually grew as more areas joined the confederation over the years. The alliance's expansion was not without its share of conflicts and power struggles, and the process was far from easy. But the fundamental idea of staying together in the face of difficulty won out, leading the confederation to expansion and stability.
With the founding of the Swiss Federal State in 1848, the Swiss Confederation reached a turning point in its history. This major reorganization resulted in a change from a loosely connected confederation to a more centralized federal state, inspired by the federal structure of the United States. Federalism, direct democracy, and multiparty consensus politics are among the fundamental tenets of the Swiss governance model that were established in the revised Federal Constitution.
The Federal Assembly is made up of the National Council and the Council of States, which were established under the 1848 constitution, which established a bicameral parliamentary system akin to that of the US Congress.
This development outlined the division of powers between the federal, cantonal, and municipal levels, laying the foundation for Switzerland's current governance structure.
Since 1848, the Swiss Confederation has undergone numerous important modifications and changes.
A significant step toward gender equality in Swiss politics was made in 1971 when women were given the right to vote at the federal level. Another important change in the political landscape of Switzerland has been the gradual integration of different political parties into the government, which has led to the current power-sharing arrangement known as the "Magic Formula.".
The Swiss Confederation's development from a straightforward alliance of three cantons in the 13th century to the intricate and nuanced federal state of today is evidence of the enduring spirit of cooperation, consensus, and unity. This historical perspective enables us to appreciate the stability and harmony that the Swiss governance model continues to foster as well as the foundation upon which it is built.
Author: Pooyan Ghamari, Swiss Economist & Visionary
